Today’s discussion questions (22 February 2012)
1 ) What's the history of the English language?
2 ) Explain the major branch of the Indo-European fly?
3 ) Explain the origin of the Germanic group of language?
4 ) Name the 3 distinct subgroup of the Germanic language?
5 ) Discuss about the important of the era :
- Old English
- Middle
- Early- modern English
- Late- modern English
PLEASE TYPE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS POST for easy viewing. Number them according to what you did in class.
Thank you and have a nice day :)
i can comment here..why dont you?
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteQUESTION 5)c = EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
ReplyDeleteIn this era, the English language had undergoes some changes in term of sounds of words but, the spelling remain constants. The advent of printing press also happened in this period where it causes the publishing of the first dictionary in English history. The dictionary are used to standardized the language among the English speakers and to create a better understanding among them. This also made English became a more powerful language. In addition, some words were borrowed from Italian,Spanish and Yiddish with the acceptance of British and Americans.
GROUP 10:
Fatin Amirah Iskhandar
Norshyreen Shaharuddeen
Mohd Tajuddin Khairi Ameer
Nur Ezira
Yakshenee
Question2 : Explain the major branches of the Indo-European family.
ReplyDeleteBefore explaining further on the major branches of the Indo-European family, i would first like to brief a little about the Indo-European family.
The term 'Indo-European' was first used by Thomas Young (1813)which then became the standard scientific term in except in one country which is Germany. According to the research, the suggestions of the similarities between Indian and Europeans were made by the European visitors who visited India in the 16th century. That's when the travelers and visitors started researching on the similarities of words. The first discoveries were between the ancient language, Sanskrit and Italian.
Being evolved over the years, this Indo-European language has grown and become a family where now it is divided into several major branches.There were actually 12 branches and now it is only divided into 10 major branches as these 10 major branches contains the existing languages.
If we look into these branches chronologically, the earliest attested branch would be The Anatolian Branch. This language is spoken in Asia Minor which is known as Anatolia as well and the best attested of them is the Hittite language and besides that, this language also was the earliest Indo-European language known in Europe.This language fought the Ancient Egyptians and was also mentioned in the Christian Bible’s Old Testament. Other languages that were used under this Anatolian language would be the Lydian language which was spoken by the people who ruled the south coast of Anatolia, and then the Lycian language which was spoken by the Hellenic culture along the western coastal regions, the Luwian language which was spoken in ancient Troy and also the Palaic language. All these languages in this branch has now extinct.
ReplyDeleteThe second branch would be The Hellenic Branch. Well, in this Hellenic Branch, Modern Greek is the only branch that still exist. It is known that Greek is one of the oldest among the Indo-European languages. The New Testament of the Christian Bibl e was also written in a form of 1st Century AD Greek called Koine. This then developed into the Greek of the Byzantine Empire. This is where modern Greek had developed from. Greek Alphabets is still used in science and mathematics as it is one of the oldest alphabets in the world and it has led to the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. This language has its own script where it derived from Phoenician with the addition of symbols for the vowels. On top of that, until the 1970’s, Greek was a Diglossic language which means that there were two forms of language at that time. The two forms would be Katharevoussa, which is used in official documents and news broadcasts and the other form would be Demotic, which is used in common speech.
Then followed by The Iranian Branch. These language is one of the great classical languages it is descended from Ancient Persian. The main language of this branch is Farsi which would be the main language of Afghasnistan. Besides that, there are also language like Kurdish, which is the second largest of the Iranian languages after Farsi, spoken in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq but in Turkey, it was banned until recently. Other than that, there are Ashto and Baluchi where this languages are written in the Nastaliq script. By the way this script is written, we could not identify which family a language belongs to.
The Illyric Branch is another single language branch. Only the Albanians belongs to this branch and and Albaian has many avoidance words. For instance, instead of saying ‘wolf, the phrase ‘may God close its mouth’ is used. There are two dialects that have been diverging for 1000 years. The ancient Illyric and Mesapian languages, is spoken in parts of Italy which are considered by some to be an extinct member of this branch.
ReplyDeleteThe Baltic Branch consist of three states but there’s only two Baltic Languages. Lithuanian is one of the oldest of the Indo-European languages. The study of this language is important in dertermining the origins and evolution of the family. Both Lithuanian and Latvian uses the Latin script and have tones and this Lithuanian language has three numbers which is singular, dual and also plural. While Prussian is a language that has extinct from this branch.
Followed by The Slavic Branch where this languages are confined to the Eastern Europe. One of the oldest language in this branch is Bulgarian and the most important is Russian. Yet, in general, the Catholic people uses the Latin alphabet and the Orthodox uses the Cyrillic alphabet which is derived from the Greek. At the same time the Slavic languages are famed for their consonant clusters and large number of cases for nouns.
Next is The Latin Branch which is also called the Italic or Romance Languages where this languages are all derived from Latin. Besides that, Latin was long used by the scientific establishment and the Catholic Church as their means of communication. Italian and Portuguese are the closest modern major languages to Latin. Latin has three genders and at least six cases for its nouns and a Subject-Object-Verb sentence structure and most modern Romance languages have only two genders, where there is no cases and a Subject-Verb-Object structure. Apart from Latin, other extinct languages include Dalmatian, Oscan, Fallscan , Sabine and Umbrian.
ReplyDeleteThe Germanic Branch is originated from Old Norse and Saxon and the vast majority of the Celtic and Germanic languages use the Latin Alphabet due to the influence of early Christian missionaries. They even include English. There are three or four Scandinavian languages belong to this branch as well which is Danish, Norwegian and Swedish and the fourt Scandinavian language which is known as Finnish belongs to a different family. The extinct language from this branch are Gothic, Frankish, Lombardo, Visigoth and also Vandal.
The Celtic Branch is the smallest branch. Most of the Celtic language group have extinct. This includes Cornish, Gaulish, Cumbrian, Manx, Pictish and Galatian.
Lastly, it’s the Tokharian Branch. Very little people is known about this branch as there’s only a few manuscripts dating from 600AD are in existence. The languages disappeared around the 8th century AD. The closest relatives of these languages are from Celtic, Anatolian and the Latin branches. But Turfanian and Kuchean are recently identified as the extinct language.
Group 11 :
Nisya
Malisa
Rosnina
Louisa
Question 1
ReplyDeleteit is all started with the arrival of the 3 Germanic tribes where they invaded Britain around the 5th century.the 3 tribes are the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes. originally the people of Britain were using Celtic language. when the tribes came, they have force all the Celtic speakers move to the west and the north where is now known as the Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
In the Middle English where William the Conquerors have invaded and conquered England. During that period of time, there were 2 classes of language where the higher class people will use French language and the lower class people will use English. But all of this changes during the 14 century where English became the dominant language in Britain again but were mixed up with lots of French language.
During the Early Modern Language, The Great Vowel Shift happen and causes it to pronounce shorter and shorter. This also causes many new words and phrases enter English language. When the first English dictionary were publishes in 1604, spelling and grammar were fixed.
The only different between Early Modern Language and Late Modern Language are the vocabulary.Late Modern English where Industrial Revolution and Technology created lots of new word. This happen as British Empire conquered one of the quarter of the earth and English have adopted many foreign language into it. Words such as:
apparatus,data,experiment,formula,structure and ration were all foreign languages and where English adapted it.
Group 2
Raymond Lee
Victor Alan Vincent
Niesha Jamaldeen
Razline Jasmine
Noor Athirah
Question 1
ReplyDeleteEnglish came from Germanic tribes that they invaded Britain who were Saxons, Angles and Jutes. They made the local speak English instead of old celtic language. In 800AD, Danish and Norse pirates who were also known as vikings came ENgland received many Norse loanwords (borrow words). Days in a week was also created. In 1066AD,William the Conqueror spoke "Norman" closely related to Fresh.
in modern English, there was a distinct change in pronunciation, the Great Vowel Shift, the vowels getting shorter and shorter. Renaissance of classical learning which meant that new words and phrases entered the language. Invention of printing and books became cheaper. More people learnt to read. Spelling and grammar became standardized. In 1604, the first English Dictionary was published.
In late modern English, more vocabulary words due to industrial revolution and technology created and British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
Group 8,
Jenny Chew
Adam Chong Chin Hua
Kribathini
Kimberly Chai
Kimlashene Mohan
Hmmmm,very interesting reading...where are the others?
ReplyDeleteThought I gave you guys time to work on your answers...
Sorry Miss for the late reply of this discussion. Looking for more materials just now.
Deletehehehe...
we already post our answers mdm..
Delete:)
see u in class..
Be prepared to do discussion/quiz on next week's topic...hehehe...
ReplyDeleteokay mdm..
DeleteInsya Allah will get ready for any discussion/quiz for this week's topic..
:)
see u in class..
Hey all, sorry for the delay; Ash wednesday was a total rush. better late than never. :D
ReplyDeleteQuestion 5 (a)
Old English which is also known as Anglisc or Englisc was used during 450-1100 AD. It was an early form of English spoken by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants (which are the Saxons, Angles and Jutes). Old English was grammatically similar to classical Latin and was in closer relation to languages of Germanic origin.
This era is of the utmost importance as it laid down the building blocks of the English Language. Numerous words were borrowed to serve the purpose of communicating with one another, as there were different tribes present. Old English was the common language formed to build relationships between them.
At this stage, English absorbed numerous words from numerous native languages such as Latin, Norse, and various others from the Indo-European family of Languages. In late 9th century, Alfred the great led Anglo-Saxons to victory over the Vikings, translated Latin works into English and established the writing of prose in English.
Some examples of words that were derived from other languages include;
From Latin: win (wine), Candel (candle), bishop, martyr
From Norse: give, take, die, call, they, anger, them
A prominent literary masterpiece written during this era is, Beowulf: an epic poem.
The later period of the old English era saw William of Normandy become the King of England. English became the language of the lower class and French took over as the language of the courts and of the upper class. Latin on the other hand was used in churches and schools. English became the language for practical purposes and was no longer practiced in written form.
We're from group 7:
Siti Nur Syafiqa
Santaleximi
Tanusha
Nur Aina Aqilah
Jacinta Fernandez
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteGroup 4 ( ARVINT, RUSHENTHEN, SUGHANYA, REVATDE AND REVATHI)
ReplyDeleteQuestion 5 (D)
The topic that was given to my group was "LATE MODERN ENGLISH" (1800-PRESENT). In Late Modern English era, its mainly focuses on vocabulary which is also one of the major difference among early Modern English and Late Modern English. Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that in Late Modern English it has more new words that being used. The two main principal factors that contributes to the enrichment of vocabularies are" The Industrial Revolution and Technology" and also "British Empire".
Firstly, for your information during the Industrial Revolution and Technology are, English speakers tend to use new word. For example, new terms regarding industrial profession might be used very often by the English speakers. Not only that, scientist also tend to use new vocabularies which also relates to the professions. Therefore, we can say that it has indirectly enriched the vocabularies of English Language.
Secondly, we move on to the next main factor that contributes during Late Modern English, "British Empire" which at its height covered almost one quarter of the earth's surface. It means that through the British Empire it has conquered most of the country during the colonial period. Thus, English language have been a compulsory that being used as a medium to communicate. Besides that, printing media also contributes during Late Modern English whereby “BIBLE’S” were printed and through this the Christianity religion also spread around the world. Not only was that, dictionaries also printed at moment and being used worldwide. At the same time, English language also spread through the world. In addition, English language also adopted foreign words from many countries.
Examples of those words are as follow:
French: ambulance, diplomat, parachute, sauce
Malay: amok, bamboo, gong
Sanskrit: Orange, avatar, karma, yoga
Hindi: jungle, shampoo, bangle, bungalow
Arabic: sultan, bazaar, giraffe
Persian: check, checkmate, chess
Japanese: sushi, tsunami, samurai, karaoke
Spanish: tornado, Guitar
Hello and greetings to all...
ReplyDeleteGroup 2
M.Hazhmirudin
Aina Izyan
Janice
Hani Ishak
Nabila
Q.2) Major branches of Indo-European family language
Indo European language is the most widely studied in the world because many important languages such as English, French and Spanish are Indo-European. There are nine major branches of Indo-European languages which includes; Celtic, Germanic, Latin, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Illyric, Anatolian, Thracian, Iranian and Indic. These languages are called sister languages to English and its closest relatives.
Celtic is used by the Celts who’s originated in Central Europe and dominated Western Europe. Once the Germanic arrived, the Celtic speakers are pushed to Wales, Ireland and Scotland.
Germanic branch originated from Old Norse and Saxon. English is a Germanic language that brought by Germanic invaders. Dutch and German are the closest major languages related to English.
Latin language is also well known as the Italic or Roman Languages. Latin is one of the most important classical languages. Latin is used as Catholic Church means of communication.
Slavic is limited to Eastern Europe. Bulgarian is one of the oldest languages in this branch. Meanwhile, Russian is the most important language as tool of communication. This language is well known as their consonant clusters and numerous cases for nouns.
In Baltic branch, there are 3 states but only two Baltic languages are used. Lithuanian is one of the oldest languages. Latvian is using Latin script and tones. Meanwhile, Prussian is an extinct language from this branch.
In Hellenic branch of languages, Modern Greek is the only existing language. Greek is the oldest language in this branch. Modern Greek has developed from the Byzantine Empire.
Illyric is belonged to only Albanian language. It is also known as Shqip by its speakers. There are two dialects in this branch which are Geg and Tosk.
Anatolian branch is includes the language of Hittite. Hittite is the earliest Indo-European language known in Europe.
In Thracian, Armenian is single modern language and been used with its own script. This language is spoken in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.
Iranian branch of language are descended from Ancient Persian and known as one of the great classical languages. The main language of this branch is Farsi.
Avestan and Scythian are the extinct languages in this branch.
Indic branch has the most languages. Most are found in North India. Derived from Sanskrit, this raises the languages of Buddhism and Jainism. Romany is the language of the Roma, who migrated from Europe to India.
amir , such a good explanation :)
Deletethank you dear .
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteHi guys, I would like to add some information for Question number 5 (Important of early- modern English)
ReplyDeleteAt this era, 2 major factors are "Great Vowel shift" and "advent of the printing press ". During the "great vowel shift",long vowel sounds began to be short and short vowel sound.In Middle English (for instance in the time of Chaucer), the long vowels were generally pronounced very much like the Latin-derived Romance languages of Europe (e.g.
"sheep would have been pronounced more like “shape”
" me as may”
mine as meen”
"shire as sheer”
"mate as “maat”
"out as “oot”
"house as “hoose”
"flour as “floor”
"boot as “boat”
"mode as “mood” etc.
Thus, Chaucer’s word lyf (pronounced “leef”) became the modern word life,although lyf was spelled life by the time of Shakespeare in the late 16th Century, it would have been pronounced more like “lafe” at that time, and only later did it acquired its modern pronunciation.
Besides that , the tendency of upper-classes of southern England to pronounce a broad “a” in words like "dance, bath and castle" (to sound like “dahnce”, “bahth” and “cahstle”.The Great Vowel Shift gave rise to many of the English pronunciation, and now the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts. The spellings of some words changed to reflect the change in pronunciation (e.g. "stone" from "stan",
"rope" from "rap",
"dark" from "derk", "barn" from "bern:",
"heart from herte", etc , but most did not. In some cases, two separate forms with different meaning continued (e.g. parson, which is the old pronunciation of person).
There's a lot of information in here in addition to the notes posted...well done to all those who have done the research...
ReplyDeleteNext week:
ReplyDeleteEnglish as a World language.
English as an International language.
Types of speakers in the modern world.
English speaking communities.
Note:
As usual there'll be a brief discussion on the above,a short presentation(will draw lots to determine which group will do so)...the class will end with a quiz on the above...hehehe...!
'class will end with a quiz' ~ sounds scary =__=
Deletequiz is a strong word. such a great and fun activity... hehehe
DeleteExactly, Quiz is so scary !! hope we all can do ! Good luck guys :)
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteHi guys, good evening..
ReplyDeleteI never come to class last week and i got no idea bout the last week lesson before i sign in to this blog...Wow there is a lot of information that i got from this blog..Thnks a lot Ammin and madam Saradha. I have just started to do the research on the Question that given, Will share some information with all of you soon ..Tc
Have a great weekends...:)
Hey guys this is my research on Question no 5
ReplyDeleteOLD ENGLISH
-Once the Romans left England in the Roman Empire was collapsing, leaving the Celts defenseless. Then the Germanic tribes from area of Denmark arrived. The 3 main tribes were the Angles, Saxons, Jutes. These tribes set up seven kingdoms called the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy that included: Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia. Four dialects were spoken in these kingdoms: West Saxon, Kentish, Mercian and Northumbrian. The Celts moved north to Scotland, west to Ireland and south to France, leaving the main area of Britain. Most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English.
MIDDLE ENGLISH
-William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors brought with them French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. By added many French words, English became dominant in Britain
Early Modern English
-At this era the Great Vowel Shift started, long vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. During the renaissance era, Many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing press makes the language became stronger. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
Late Modern English
-The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. The late Modern English became powerful, after arising of two principal factors. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words. Secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries. This makes the people everywhere to use English as medium of communication.
Sory it's my research but i post it wrongly. Ammin could ypu please delete this ? Thank you..:)
DeleteHey guys this is my research on Question no 5
ReplyDeleteOLD ENGLISH
-Once the Romans left England in the Roman Empire was collapsing, leaving the Celts defenseless. Then the Germanic tribes from area of Denmark arrived. The 3 main tribes were the Angles, Saxons, Jutes. These tribes set up seven kingdoms called the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy that included: Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia. Four dialects were spoken in these kingdoms: West Saxon, Kentish, Mercian and Northumbrian. The Celts moved north to Scotland, west to Ireland and south to France, leaving the main area of Britain. Most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English.
MIDDLE ENGLISH
-William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors brought with them French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. By added many French words, English became dominant in Britain
Early Modern English
-At this era the Great Vowel Shift started, long vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. During the renaissance era, Many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing press makes the language became stronger. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
Late Modern English
-The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. The late Modern English became powerful, after arising of two principal factors. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words. Secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries. This makes the people everywhere to use English as medium of communication.
Hi friends , I have did my research. I guess i have some new information. You guys can check it out..Tq
ReplyDeleteThe history of the English language has been divided into three main periods,
Old English , Middle English and Modern English .During this period, the English language has been influenced by a number of other languages.
OLD ENGLISH - Three Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to the British Isles from various parts of northwest Germany. These tribes pushed out most of the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants from England into Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall. One group migrated to the Brittany Coast of France where their descendants still speak the Celtic Language of Breton today.
Through the years, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes mixed their different Germanic dialects. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. The word "English" was in Old English "Englisc", and that comes from the name of the Angles. The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin.
Before the Saxons the language spoken in what is now England was a mixture of Latin and various Celtic languages which were spoken before the Romans came to Britain (54-5BC). The Romans brought Latin to Britain, during the Roman Empire. Many of the words passed on from this era by Roman merchants and soldiers. These include win (wine), candel (candle), belt (belt), weall (wall).
The introduction of Christianity by St. Augustine into Saxon England brought more Latin words into the English language. They were mostly concerned with the naming of Church dignitaries, ceremonies, etc. Some, such as church, bishop, baptism, monk, eucharist and presbyter came indirectly through Latin from the Greek.
MIDDLE ENGLISH - William the Conqueror, invaded and conquered England with his armies and became king, he brought his nobles, who spoke French, to be the new government. The Old French became the language of the court, administration, and culture. Latin was mostly used for written language, especially at the Church. Meanwhile, English language became language of lower class. During this era , English changed a lot, because it was mostly being spoken instead of written. Most of the franch words was added in the English vocabulary are words of power, such as crown,castle, court, parliament, army, mansion, gown, beauty, banquet, art, poet, romance, duke, servant, peasant, traitor and governor.
Most of the English underclass cooked for the Norman upper class, the words for most domestic animals are .Examples ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer. Meanwhile, the words for the meats derived from them are French beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison.
Cont...
ReplyDeleteThe Middle English is the beginning of the Great Vowel Shift. Great vowel shift refers to the changes of long vowels. A vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place. Example higher up in the mouth.
MODERN ENGLISH – Started after William Caxton established his printing press .. The Bible and some valuable manuscripts were printed. The invention of the printing press made books available to more people. The books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. At this time period, Shakespeare's writings make the language become clearly recognizable as Modern English. There were three important era in Modern English period, the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the British Colonialism.
*The Renaissance =
- During this era most of the words from Greek and Latin entered English. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I there was an explosion of culture in the form of support of the arts, popularization of the printing press, and massive amounts of sea travel.
*Industrial Revolution =
-England began the Industrial Revolution and this had contributed to the development of the language with new words to cope with the changes in technology. New technical words were added to the vocabulary as inventors designed various products and machinery. Examples trains, engine, pulleys, combustion, electricity, telephone, telegraph, camera.
*BRITISH EMPIRE =
-During the British empire they moved across the world, such as USA, Australia, New Zealand , India , Asia and Africa .They sent people to settle and live in their conquered place. As the settlers interacted with natives, new words were added to the English vocabulary. For example, 'kangaroo' and 'boomerang' are native Australian Aborigine words, 'juggernaut' and 'turban' came from India.
Group 1-Question 4(GEETHA NAIR,RAJES,AMIN,FADWA)
ReplyDeleteHye friends..The topic that was given to my group is Name 3 distinct sub-group of germanic language..
The Germanic languages differ from other Indo-European languages by the First or Germanic Consonant Shift (described as Grimm's Law). The common ancestor for the Germanic languages is called either Germanic or Proto-Germanic. This subgroup has three branches: East Germanic, North Germanic, and West Germanic. The North-Germanic branch comprises the Scandinavian languages Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, and Faroese. The West-Germanic branch includes English, German, Dutch, and Frisian.The West Germanic languages developed around the North Sea and in overseas areas colonized by their speakers. The North Germanic, or Scandinavian, languages, were carried as far west as Greenland and as far east as Russia in the Viking expansion of the early Middle Ages. The continental Scandinavian languages were strongly influenced by Low German in the late Middle Ages, but Icelandic and Faeroese have preserved many characteristics of Old Scandinavian grammar.
Germanic (chiefly Central and Northern Europe)
1. East Germanic (extinct), including Gothic, Burgundian, Vandal, Rugian, Gepid, Taifal.
2. North Germanic or Scandinavian, becoming Old Norse in an early stage, then giving birth to Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Faeroese, Icelandic.
3. West Germanic, including English, Frisian, Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, German proper (or High German), Yiddish.
Geetha Nair..
ReplyDeletehello madam...i used to choose anonymous to post my comments because i not able to post it through my google account...
The origin of the Germanic group of language is formed in fifth century when tribes from the continent Jutes, Saxons and larger tribes from Anglo assaulted England (previously called Angle-land). English is West Germanic that was aroused in Anglo-Saxon Kingdom. English is in the Germanic group of languages which consists of 3 distinct sub-groups which is East Germanic, North Germanic, and West Germanic.
ReplyDeleteletchumanan
vishalini
sarasvathy
valarmathee
rashid
i dint get more information about topic 3, i will be post it tomorrow.
ReplyDeleteQUESTION 3 Explain the origin of the Germanic group of languages
ReplyDeleteGermanic language is known as a common language which situated in the Elbe River region 3,000 years ago. Like Greek, Latin and Sanskrit, Germanic also known as a dialect. Germanic also come from the hypothetical proto-germanic migration from north to north central. When the second century BC, this common Germanic language had split into 3 distinct sub groups which is east Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic.
The definition of Proto Germanic is the stage of the language constituting the most recent common ancestor of the attested Germanic languages.
The proto Germanic come from proto indo European and it most famously the consonant change known as Grimm’s law.
Group 6 :
ADDIN
HASANAH
ROZANA
SUH TING
Middle English
ReplyDeleteBasically to explain about the Middle English, In 1066 William the conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England. For a period, there was a linguistic division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. For an example, lower classes people address animal’s meat such as cow as cow and goat as goat. Meanwhile, upper classes address cow as beef, and goat as mutton. In 14th century, English became dominant in Britain, but with many French words added. For instance, table, chair and car are the examples of French words. This language is called Middle English. Middle English was still a Germanic language but it is different from Old English in many ways. The grammar and the sound system changed a good deal. People started to rely more on word order and structure words to express their meaning.
Group 9,
Vaishnavi Mariappa
Devipriya Maran
Umapriya karuppiah
Kamini Ratinakumar
Prema Subramaniam
The Germanic languages are one of the sub - branch of Indo – European languages. The major sub division language spoke in Europe are Roman, Germanic, and many more. This language was spoken approximately in mid of 1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. The most widely spoke Germanic languages are English and German. It has around 300-400 million speakers about 100 million native speakers respectively.
ReplyDelete